写在前面

Hi，我是新海，一个正在备战的考研人。
最近需要进行大量的考研专项阅读，于是萌生了一个翻译计划，准备翻译1986——2018年所有阅读，通过大量的阅读训练来熟悉考研单词，短语以及语法，更深刻理解考研阅读。

下面是我的第26篇，所有中文释义，均是由本人整理翻译，当然也有不够完善的地方，欢迎大家评论补充。

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.
许多美国人认为陪审团制度是至关重要的民主价值观的具体体现，包括所有符合最低年龄和识字能力的公民都有同等资格为陪审团服务的原则；陪审员应从社区的代表性部门中随机选出；任何公民都不应成为以种族、宗教、性别或民族血统为由剥夺陪审团成员的权利；被告有权受到同龄人的审判；裁决应代表社会的良心，而不仅仅是法律条文。
The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
陪审团也被认为是直接民主而不是代议制民主幸存的最好例子。在直接民主国家，公民轮流管理自己，而不是选举代表来管理自己。

重点词汇

• jury system陪审制度
• be selected入选；中选
• cross section横截面; 横断面; 横剖面; 横切面
• right to serve发球权
• on account of由于; 基于
• entitled to享有; 有权要求
• letter of the law法律的字面意义
• rather than…而不…，与其…倒不如…; instead of sb/sth 而不是
• representative democracy代议民主政治
• direct democracy直接民主

But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.
但就在1986年，陪审团甄选程序与这些民主理念相冲突。
In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.
例如，在一些州，陪审团的职责仅限于被认为智力、教育和道德品质优越的人。
Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
尽管早在1880年斯特劳德诉西弗吉尼亚一案中，美国最高法院就禁止在陪审团甄选中蓄意进行种族歧视，但选择所谓的精英陪审团或蓝丝带陪审团的做法为绕过这一法律以及其他反歧视法提供了一个方便的途径。

重点词汇

• conflicted抵触（conflict的过去式与过去分词形式）
• for example例如， 譬如; 拿 ... 来说
• moral character品性; 品德
• Supreme Court of the United States美国最高法院
• racial discrimination种族歧视
• as early as早在; 就
• West Virginia西弗吉尼亚
• practice of有…习惯
• blue-ribbon头等的，第一流的
• juries陪审团( jury的名词复数 ); 评判委员会

The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.
直到20世纪中叶，该制度也未能将女性定期纳入陪审团。虽然1898年犹他州妇女首次在州陪审团工作，但直到20世纪40年代，大多数州才规定妇女有资格担任陪审团。
Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
即使这样，几个州也会自动免除女性陪审团的责任，除非她们亲自要求将自己的名字列入陪审团名单。这种做法是正当的，因为声称妇女在家庭中是需要的，而且在整个20世纪60年代，它使陪审团不代表妇女。

重点词汇

• juries陪审团( jury的名词复数 ); 评判委员会
• on state导通状态
• a majority of大部分
• eligible for适宜于；有…的资格的，合格的
• Even then尽管那样
• exempted使免除豁免
• jury list陪审员名单
• justified有正当理由的，合理的; 事出有因的; 调整; 证明…有道理( justify的过去式和过去分词)
• at home在家; 在国内; 在家接待客人; 精通
• unrepresentative不典型的，没有代表性的

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.
1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团选拔和服务法》，为陪审团带来了民主改革的新时代。
This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.
这项法律废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，并要求他们随机地从整个社区中选出。
In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level.
在具有里程碑意义的1975年泰勒诉路易斯安那州的判决中，最高法院将陪审团代表社区所有部分的要求扩大到州一级。
The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
泰勒的裁决还宣布，在陪审团甄选中的性别歧视是违宪的，并命令各州使用相同的程序来甄选男女陪审员。

重点词汇

• United States美国; 合众国
• democratic reforms民主改革
• be selected入选；中选
• at random胡乱; 任意地，随便地; 信; 横七竖八
• cross section横截面; 横断面; 横剖面; 横切面
• Supreme Court最高法院
• be representative of代表…，表现…，是…的典型
• parts of部分
• sex discrimination性别歧视
• male and female雌雄; 凹凸面

写在最后

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作者：新海
12月6日晚