室内静物
文本We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.
question1. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
✔[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
question2 Please translate the first sentence into Chinese.
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive（无处不在的）: an aspirin to quiet（使平息） a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves（神经紧张）.
我们生活在一个这样的社会:医疗领域和社会广泛的使用药品。就好比阿司匹林用来平息头痛，酒用于社交，咖啡用于早晨提神，烟用于（解除）焦虑。
When do these socially acceptable and apparently（表面地，似乎） constructive uses（建设性的用法） of a substance become misuses?
这些被社会接受的，似乎很标准的用法在什么时候变成了药品滥用。
First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions（强烈的知觉扭曲→严重的可察觉的畸形）.
首先，大多数药品过量使用将会产生副作用，比如中毒和强烈知觉扭曲。
Repeated（重复） use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.
重复使用药品也可能导致机体上瘾或是药物依赖。
逐句详解↓
第一句
[1] We live in a society
[2] in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
必备词汇
substance [ˈsʌbstəns] n. 物质，材料
pervasive [pəˈveɪsɪv] adj. 普遍的，弥漫的
aspirin [ˈæsprɪn] n. 阿司匹林
cigarette [ˌsɪgəˈret] n. 香烟
nerve [nɜ:v] n. 神经；勇气，胆量
[1] 主句（S+V）
主：We
谓：live
状：in a society
译文：我们生活在一个……的社会里
[2] 修饰society的定语从句（S+LV+P）
状：in which 在这个社会里
主：the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) 将生活物品（药品）用于医疗和社交场合
系：is 是
表：pervasive: 普遍的
同：an aspirin to quiet a headache, 阿司匹林（用来）缓解头痛
同：some wine to be sociable, 饮酒（促进）社交
同：coffee to get going in the morning, 清晨用咖啡来醒脑
同：a cigarette for the nerves. 香烟（用来）提神
译文：将生活物品（药品）普遍用于医疗和社交场合：阿司匹林用来缓解头痛，饮酒以促进社交，清晨用咖啡来醒脑，香烟用来提神
本句译文
我们生活在一个将生活物品（药品）普遍用于医疗和社交场合的社会里：阿司匹林用来缓解头痛，饮酒以促进社交，清晨用咖啡来醒脑，香烟用来提神
第二句
When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?
必备词汇
apparently [əˈpærəntli] adv. 似乎，看起来；实际上
constructive [kənˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 建设性的，积极的，有益的
句子结构（S+LV+P）
状：When 何时
主：these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance 这些被社会容许且看似有益的（物质）应用方式
系：do become 变成
表：misuses 滥用
本句译文
在什么情况下，这些被社会所容许且看似有益的应用方式就变成了滥用？
第三句
First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.
必备词汇
in excess [in ˈekses] adv. 过度地
perceptual [pəˈseptʃuəl] adj. 有知觉的
distortion [dɪ'stɔ:ʃn] n. 扭曲，畸变
句子结构（S+V+O）
状：First of all, 首先
主：most substances 大多数物质
定：taken in excess 过量摄入的
谓：will produce 会带来
宾：negative effects 负面影响
同：such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions 例如中毒或严重的可察觉畸变
本句译文
首先，大多数物质如果摄入过量，会带来中毒等副作用，严重时会发现明显的畸变。
第四句
Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.
句子结构
主：Repeated use of a substance 频繁使用（摄入）某种物质
谓：can also lead to 也会导致
宾：physical addiction or substance dependence 身体癖嗜或物质依赖
本句译文
频繁摄入某种物质也有可能导致身体癖嗜或物质依赖。
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