7. 连接关系
7.1 前置词及其宾语的句法规则。
7.1.1 规则十的内容。
规则十——前置词将名词或代词连接到同样的第三个词，依赖于前置词的名词或代词以宾格的形式呈现。
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在下列句子中应用规则十：
(解析模型：以第1个句子为例，前置词to将代词him连到动词speaks；按照规则十，him以宾格形式呈现。)
1. To him who in the love of nature bolds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various language.—Bryant.
2. The eulogium pronounced on the character of tbc State of South Carolina,by the honorable gentleman, for her Revolutionary and other merits, meets my hearty concurrence.—Daniel Webster.
3. Into the jaws of death, Into the month of bell
Rode the Three Hondred.—Tennyson.
4. At midnight, In his guarded tent,
The Turk was dreaming of the boor
When Greece, her knee in suppliance bent,
Should tremble at his power.—Halleck.
5. But now no sound of laughter was beard amongst the foes,
A wild and wrathful clamor from all the vanguard rose.—Macaulay.
6. Ron to your houses, fall upon your knees,
Pray to the gods to intermit the plague
That needs must light on this ingratitude.—Shakespeare.
7. The trees are now in their fullest foliage and brightest verdure; the woods are gay with the clustered flowc1飞of the laurel ; the 11lr Is perfumed by the sweetbrier and the wild rose; the meadows are enameled with clover blossoms; while the young apple, the peach, and the plum begin to swell, and the cherry to glow among the green leaves. —Washington Irving.
7.1.2 应用规则十——违背规则十的情况。
(1) 违背情况一。——当前置词距离代词宾语较远的时候：例如——
Who did you get that book from from?
这个句子例举了通用的俗化的词汇排布；这种类型的句子，宾语距离它们的支配前置词较远，这大大的增加了在格的格式上犯错的可能性。因此，我们有：
注意事项一。——当支配前置词距离它们的代词宾语较远时，必须注意，代词以宾格的形式呈现。
(2) 违背情况二。——当支配前置词有两个或多个代词宾语省略的时候：例如——
I lent the book to some one, I know not who.
在这个句子中，在who之前有前置词to的省略，但是使用who就违背了规则十，应当是“I know not whom，”或者“I know not to whom.” 因此，我们有：
注意事项二。——当发到支配前置词省略的时候，必须注意，代词宾语以宾格形式呈现。
7.1.3 关于前置词及其宾语的特性和习惯用法。
7.1.3.1. between和among。——between，从字面意思，就表示与两个有关的。因此，它不能用于超过两个的场合。我们可以说，“Mother divided the apple between sister and me,”但是不能说“between John, James，and Martha.”前置词among或者amongst应用于表示两个以上的分布：例如，“The booty was divided among the forty thieves.”
7.1.3.2. 恰当的前置词。——有很多词后面只能跟一个前置词；也有其它的词认可不同的前置词，其互相之间的意义变化很大。必须注意选择合适的前置词用于表示准确的关系(基于这个引用的目的，毫无疑问，应当寻求使用词典)。
7.1.3.3. 宾语的抑制(Suppression of Object)。——有时候，前置词的宾语是受抑制的：例如，“We found the man [ that] we were looking for.”
7.1.3.4. but用法。——but用在形如“all but him”这样的结构中，经常错误地当成连词使用。but的旧时用法就是一个前置词，其字面意思就是“on the out side of”，因此相当于without或except。像形如“all or none but he”这样的短语是不符合文法规则的。but可以接不带“to”的不定式：例如，“He does nothing but [to] sleep.”
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纠正下列句子中违背规则十的错误：
1. Who did you vote for?
2. There is no one at home now besides mother, uncle, and I.
8. There were no marks to show who the sheep belonged to.
4. Let that remain a secret between you and I.
5. I bestow my favors on whoever I will.
6. Who you spend your evenings with is well known.
7. So you must ride
On horseback after we.
8. The boy stood on the burning deck
Whence all but he had fled.
9. The money is to be divided between the three brothers.
10. No one but he should be about the king.
7.2 连词的句法规则。
7.2.1 规则十一的内容。
规则十一——连词连接词，短语，或者主题(完整主题的句子)：例如——
(1) Oxygen and hydrogen are called gases.
(2) He strove with all his powers AND to a noble end.
(3) [The sun shines] BECAUSE [the sky is clear].
对于连词的连接功能，有两个例外：
(1) 连词that有时候仅用于引导一个作为句子主语的从句：例如，“That you have wronged me doth appear in this.” 但是，这仅仅是省略和倒置的一种情况，这个结构相当于，“It doth appear in this that you have wronged me.”
(2) 在具有相互关系连词的结构中，先行词或引导连词只有极少数能说成是连接，连接能力属于是后半部分的连词。在解析的时候，称呼对应连接对的第一部分为“引导关联连词”(introductory correlative conjunction)是比较恰当的。
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在下列句子中应用规则十一：
1. Lightly and brightly breaks away
The morning from her mantle gray.—Byron.
2. Right sharp and quick the bells all night
Rang out from Bristol town.—Macaulay.
3. Men must work and women must weep,
Though storms be hidden and waters weep.—KingBley.
4. A wise man will make haste to forgive, because he knows the true value of time, and will not suffer it to pass away in unnecessary pain.—Johnson.
5. These wave their town flag in the arched gateway; and stand, rolling their drum; but to no purpose.—Carlyle.
6. For none made sweeter melody
Than did the poor blind boy.—Wordsworth.
7. Whether the thing was green or blue. —Colman.
8. No leave ask'st thou of either wind or tide.—Joanna Baillie.
9. Whether be was combined
With those of Norway; or did line the rebel
With hidden help and vantage; or that with both
He labor'd in his country's wrack, I know not.—Shakespeare.
10. This, I think, I may at least say, that we should have a great many fewer disputes in the world, If words were taken for what they are, the signs of our ideas only, and not for things themselves.—Locke.
7.2.2 应用规则十一。
7.2.2.1. 在规则十一下的特别规则。
(1) 特别规则一。——一些连词后面接了相对应的连词；在一对相互关联的连词中，先行词与其后面部分应当对应。
a. though要求使用yet:例如——
Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull.
b. whether要求使用or:例如——
Whether the thing was green or blue.
c. either要求使用or:例如——
None of them either returned his gaze or seemed to notice it.
d. neither要求使用nor:例如——
Neither in France nor in Spain does this custom exist.
注意。——either…or和neither…nor，严格地说，表达了一个折衷的含义，或者两者之间的选择的含义；在现代时期，表达准确的作家非常细心，不会使用这些相互关联的连词对来连接超过两个项的情况。
e. both要求使用and:例如——
Power to judge both quick and dead.
f. as…as用于肯定比较:例如——
Mine is as good as yours.
g. so…as用于否定比较:例如——
But his is not so good as either.
或者表达一个限制范围的比较：
Be so good as to read this letter.
(2) 特别规则二。——有两个项，一个要求使用than，而另一个要求使用as，当他们被连接起来的时候，不要试图只使用其中的一个连词来连接组成表示双重关系的句子：例如——
a. He was more beloved but not so much admired as Cynthio.
在这个句子中，两个项“more beloved”和“so much admired”被连接起来，两项的双重连词由连接as表示。但是，一个比较级， 例如“more beloved”，后面要求接than(因为我们不能说“more beloved as Cynthio”)，在这种情况下，这个结构一定要改成引入恰当的连词。例如——
He was more beloved than Cynthio, but not so much admired.
b. I would do as much or more work than John.
纠正：连词than被用于表示相互关联连词“as much”和“more”，但是，“as much”要求使用连接“as”，正确的用法如下：
I would do as much work as John, or more [than he].
(3) 特别规则三。——必须注意，使用连词，要适合表达连接的意图。
I. 在隐含doubt，fear，或者denial含义的表达式之后，that应当用于替换lest,but,but what,but what：例如——
I do not doubt that [not but that or but what] he is honest.
II. 在else,other,rather以及所有比较级之后，比较级后面的项应当使用than来引导，而不是but,besides,或except来引导：例如——
He no sooner retires but [should be than] his heart burns with devotion.
III. than经常不恰当地用作前置词：例如——
a. That is a very different statement than what [should be from what] you made yesterday.
b. I should prefer being right than being President [should be to being].
7.2.2.2. 关于连词句法的特性和习惯用法。
I. 连词的修辞。——连词的省略常常给叙事增加活力：例如——
Through many a dark and dreary vale
They passed, and many a region dolorous;
O'er many a frozen, many a fiery Alp,
Rocks, caves, lakes, fens，bogs, dens，and shades of death一
A universe of death.—Milton.
另一方面，连词重复的修辞手法，又用于强调细节：例如——
Scasons return; but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach of even or morn,
Or sight of vernal bloom, or summer's rose,
Or flock, or herds, or human face divlne.—Milton.
在诗歌用法中，and…and通常表示both…and；or…or通常表示either…or；nor…nor通常表示neither…nor：例如——
a. And tramp and timbrel answered them.—Scott.
b. I whom nor avarice nor plesures move.—Walsh．
II. than——“than whom”。——than后面的名词或代词的格，取决于后面从句的结构(通常省略掉which,however)：例如——
a. I esteem yon more than they [esteem you].
b. I esteem you more than them [=than I esteem them].
一种特别的结构，than whom，用下面的示例说明：
a. Beelzebub, than whom,Satan except, none higher sat. —Milton.
b. Pope, than whom few men had more vauity.—Johnson.
如果我们替换掉人称代词，我们应该注意到，句子需要主格。例如，“None sat higher than he;”“ had more vanity than he.”因此，必须将这种结构视为不规则结构；但是，这种结构已经被众多卓越的作家采用，我们很难拒绝接受它(在语言中，正所谓“存在即合理吧”)。可能是后接离格(ablative)quo的拉丁语比较级与英语习语混淆不清的结果。“在拉丁语中，离格quo表示‘than who’，‘than’由离格表述出来”。用英语写作的资深学者已经提出了than，然而，由于他们的大脑受拉丁语语法的影响，这种混淆用法(宾格)已经根深蒂固(注：Rushton,<>，104页。Dr. Priestley似乎已经有了这样一个概念，即，这种情况的than是一个前置词，而Abbott先生(<>，210页)说，应该将它看成是一个“准前置词”(quasi-preposition)，但是，这对于解释这种结构没有帮助，事实上，这种结构确实已经习语化了。)。
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在下列句子中纠正违背规则十一的错误：
1. Neither despise or oppose what you do not understand.
2. He is more bold but not so wise as his companion.
3. Will it be urged that the four Gospels are as old or even older than tradition?
4. As far as I am able to judge, the book is well written.
5. Sincerity is as valuable, and even more so, as knowledge.
6. These rules should be kept in mind as aids either for speaking, composing, or parsing correctly.
7. No one gave his opinion so modestly as he.
8. I do not deny but he has merit.
9. We expected something more besides this.
10. Was the singing any different to-night than usual?
来源：<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。
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