- If both the President and the Vice President can no longer serve, who becomes President?
Answer:The Speaker of the House
Explanation:“What would happen if the president died?” Many people enjoy thinking about these what-if scenarios, where they try to think about what might happen if certain other things happen. If the president dies, the vice president becomes the new president. But what if the vice president dies? Then the Speaker of the House of Representatives becomes president. But what if his or her replacement dies? And his or her replacement? You get the idea.
The U.S. government needs leadership, so it is important to have a plan for succession (or a plan for who will become the next president if something is wrong with the current president). The Presidential Succession Act (or law) lists 15 people who will become president if the current president and his or her successors (or the people who come after that person) are not able to serve (or work in a public position) as president.
But then the question becomes: What happens if all 15 people die and are unable to serve as president? Actually, there is no answer to that question. U.S. law lists only these 15 positions. If they all die at the same time, then there wouldn’t be a clear president of the country. But instead of extending the list (or making it longer), our government tries to avoid (or not let happen) the possibility of all 15 people dying at once.
How does the government do this? The government never lets the president and all of his or her successors be in the same place at the same time. For example, once a year the president makes a State of the Union Address, which is a long speech about how well the country is doing that year. Almost all of the important members of the government go to hear the State of the Union, but one of the people who is on the succession list is always kept away from the rest of the people that day. He or she has to go to another hidden (or secret) place while the president is speaking. That way, if the building is attacked during the State of the Union, there will still be one person alive who is on the succession list, and he or she can become president.
- 如果总统和副总统都不能再任职，谁将成为总统?
答:众议院议长
解释:“如果总统死后会发生什么?“许多人喜欢思考这些假设场景，他们试图去思考如果某些事情发生了会发生什么。如果总统死亡，副总裁将成为新总裁。但如果副总统死了呢?然后众议院议长成为总统。但如果他或她的继任者去世了呢?他或她的继任者呢?你懂的。
美国政府需要领导，所以制定继任计划(或者如果现任总统出现问题，谁将成为下一任总统的计划)是很重要的。《总统继任法案》(或法律)列出了15位将成为总统的人，如果现任总统和他或她的继任者(或继任者之后的人)不能担任总统(或公职)。
但接下来的问题就变成了:如果15人全部死亡，无法担任总统，会发生什么?事实上，这个问题没有答案。美国法律只列出了这15个职位。如果他们同时死亡，那么就不会有一个明确的总统。但是，我们的政府并没有扩大(或延长)死亡名单，而是试图避免(或不让)15人同时死亡的可能性。
政府是怎么做到的呢?政府从不让总统和他或她的所有继任者同时在同一个地方。例如，总统每年发表一次国情咨文，这是一篇关于国家当年表现如何的长篇演讲。几乎所有政府的重要成员都去听国情咨文，但其中一个在继任名单上的人那天总是被挡在其他人之外。当总统说话时，他或她必须去另一个隐藏的(或秘密的)地方。这样的话，如果在国情咨文期间这栋大楼受到攻击，仍然有一个人在继任名单上，他或她可以成为总统。
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- Who is the Commander in Chief of the military?
Answer:The President
Explanation:About 1.5 million Americans are on active duty (or working) in the military, which is the organizations and people who fight to protect a country. Who is the leader of all these organizations and people? It is the president of the United States, who is also known as the Commander-in-Chief, or the top leader of the military.
The U.S. military is sometimes called the U.S. Armed Forces. It has five main parts: the Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, and Coast Guard. The Army mostly fights on land while the Navy and the Marines fight with boats and the Air Force fights mostly with planes. Finally, the Coast Guard is more involved in protecting America’s coastline, which is the part of land next to the ocean. These five parts work together to protect the United States, but they need strong leaders to be able to work together effectively or well.
Each of the five parts of the U.S. Armed Forces has many commanders and other leaders, but the president as Commander-in-Chief outranks (or has more power than) any of them. As Commander-in-Chief, the president can tell the Armed Forces where to go and when. The president can even lead the Armed Forces on the battlefield, or where the fighting actually takes place. However, presidents rarely do that because they know that the leaders of the Armed Forces have more military experience and knowledge than they do. In fact, only two presidents have ever used their power as Commander-in-Chief to actually lead soldiers (or the people who fight in a war) onto the battlefield. These were presidents George Washington and James Madison.
Some people think that the Commander-in-Chief has too much power to make and fight wars. Especially with America’s recent war on terror (or fear caused by another group of people through violence), many people would like to limit the types of things that the president can do when fighting against terrorists.
- 谁是军队的总司令?
答:总统
解释:大约150万美国人是现役军人(或工作),即组织和战斗来保护一个国家的人。这些组织和人员的领导人是谁?他是美国的总统，也被称为三军总司令，或军队的最高领导人。
美国军队有时被称为美国武装部队。它有五个主要部分:陆军、海军、海军陆战队、空军和海岸警卫队。陆军主要在陆地作战，而海军和海军陆战队主要用船作战，空军主要用飞机作战。最后，海岸警卫队更多地参与保护美国的海岸线，这是靠近海洋的陆地的一部分。这五个部分共同努力保护美国，但它们需要强有力的领导人能够有效或良好地合作。
美国武装部队的五个部分都有许多指挥官和其他领导人，但总统作为总司令的地位高于(或拥有更大的权力)他们中的任何一个。作为三军统帅，总统可以告诉武装部队去哪里，什么时候去。总统甚至可以在战场上或战斗实际发生的地方领导武装部队。然而，总统们很少这样做，因为他们知道军队领导人比他们有更多的军事经验和知识。事实上，只有两位总统使用他们作为三军统帅的权力带领士兵(或在战争中作战的人)上战场。这些人是乔治·华盛顿和詹姆斯·麦迪逊总统。
有些人认为三军统帅有太多的权力去发动战争和打仗。特别是美国最近的反恐战争(或另一群人通过暴力造成的恐惧)，许多人想要限制总统在打击恐怖分子时所能做的事情。
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- Who signs bills to become laws?
Answer:The President
Explanation:Congress is the legislative or lawmaking part of the U.S. government. Congress spends a lot of time debating or talking about different bills (or ideas for new laws). Sometimes the members of Congress can’t agree on the details of a bill and it never becomes a law. But even when the members of Congress do agree on all the details of the bills, they still haven’t become law. Most bills need the president’s signature (or written name placed on the bill to show that it is approved) to become law.
Once Congress votes to make a bill become a law, the bill is sent to the president. The president then has four choices. First, the president can sign the bill to make it become a law. The president does this when he or she thinks that it is a very good idea and wants to show this to the American people.
The president’s second option or choice is to just let the bill sit on his desk without doing anything to it. Once 10 days pass (or go by), the bill automatically, without anyone doing anything, becomes a law even without the president’s signature. The president might do this when he or she doesn’t think that the bill is a great idea, but doesn’t want to create a lot of trouble either. In other words, the bill is something that is not very important to the president.
The third option that the president has is to veto the bill. By vetoing a bill, the president returns the bill to Congress, indicating (or showing) that the bill is a bad idea that should not become a law. This shows a big difference between Congress and the president, because the president is disagreeing with more than half of the members of Congress who had voted for the bill. Congress can decide to vote again, and if more than two-thirds (or 67%) of the members agree, they can override the president’s veto, making the bill become a law anyway.
Finally, the president’s fourth option when he receives a bill is a pocket veto. This happens when Congress passes a bill very late in its session (or the period of time when Congress meets). The president always has 10 days to act on (or respond to) bills, but it is possible that Congress’s session ends before those 10 days have passed. In this situation, if the president does not sign the bill, it does not automatically become a law, but instead is automatically vetoed through a pocket veto.
- 谁签署法案成为法律?
答:总统
解释:国会是美国政府立法的一部分。国会花了很多时间辩论或讨论不同的法案(或新法律的想法)。有时，国会议员们无法就法案的细节达成一致，法案也永远不会成为法律。但是，即使国会议员们确实就法案的所有细节达成一致，他们仍然没有成为法律。大多数法案需要总统的签名(或在法案上的书面名字，以表明它是被批准的)才能成为法律。
一旦国会投票使一项法案成为法律，该法案将被提交给总统。总统有四个选项。首先，总统可以签署法案使之成为法律。当他或她认为这是一个非常好的想法，并想要向美国人民展示时，总统就会这么做。
总统的第二个选择或选择是让法案坐在他的办公桌上，什么都不做。一旦10天过去了(或过去了)，即使没有总统的签字，该法案也会自动成为法律，没有任何人做任何事。当总统认为该法案不是一个好主意，但又不想制造很多麻烦时，他或她可能会这么做。换句话说，法案对总统来说不是很重要。
总统拥有的第三个选择是否决该法案。通过否决一项法案，总统将该法案提交给国会，表明(或表明)该法案是个坏主意，不应成为法律。这显示了国会和总统之间的巨大差异，因为总统与半数以上投了赞成票的国会议员意见相左。国会可以决定再次投票，如果超过三分之二(或67%)的议员同意，他们可以推翻总统的否决，使该法案成为法律。
最后，当总统收到法案时，他的第四个选择是口袋否决。当国会在其会期(或国会会期)很晚的时候通过一项法案时，就会发生这种情况。总统总是有10天的时间来处理(或回应)法案，但国会有可能在这10天通过之前结束会议。在这种情况下，如果总统不签署法案，它不会自动成为法律，而是自动通过口袋否决否决。
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- Who vetoes bills?
Answer:The President
Explanation:Congress is the part of the U.S. government that is responsible for making laws. However, it cannot do it without the president’s help. Every time that the members of Congress agree on a bill (or an idea for a law), it has to be sent to the president for his or her approval. If the president does not think that the bill is a good idea, he or she can veto the bill so that it doesn’t become a law. If Congress still wants that bill to become a law, it can vote again and if two-thirds (or 67%) of the members agree, they can override the president’s veto so that the bill becomes a law even though the president doesn’t like it.
But what happens when the president thinks that some parts of the bill are good but other parts are bad? U.S. bills can be very long, complex documents that have hundreds or thousands of pages and cover (or talk about) many different things. Can the president veto just one or a few things in a bill, but still have the rest of the bill become law?
That question was being asked a lot in the mid-1990s. Many members of Congress wanted the president to have line-item veto power, or the ability to veto just single line items, or small parts, of a larger bill. In 1996, Congress passed a bill called the Line Item Veto Act of 1996. President Bill Clinton signed it and it became a law. With this law, the president could veto individual parts of appropriation bills, or bills about how the government should spend its money. President Clinton used this power a few times.
However, the members of Congress who didn’t like this law thought that it was unconstitutional, or went against the United States’ most important legal document, the Constitution. The issue was presented to the Supreme Court, the most powerful court in the US., which decided that the line-item veto was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court believed that the way the Constitution is written, the president must approve or veto whole bills and not just parts of them. So in 1998 the Line Item Veto Act was repealed (or taken away so that it was not a law anymore). President Clinton was the only president who was ever able to make a line-item veto.
- 谁否决议案?
答:总统
解释:国会是美国政府的一部分,负责制定法律。然而，没有总统的帮助，它无法做到这一点。每当国会议员就一项法案(或一项法律构想)达成一致时，就必须将其提交给总统以获得其批准。如果总统认为该法案不是个好主意，他或她可以否决该法案，这样它就不会成为法律。如果国会仍然希望该法案成为法律，它可以再次投票，如果三分之二(或67%)的议员同意，他们可以推翻总统的否决，使该法案成为法律，即使总统不喜欢它。
但是，当总统认为法案的某些部分是好的，而其他部分是坏的，会发生什么呢?美国的法案可以是很长的，复杂的文件，有数百或数千页，涵盖(或谈论)许多不同的事情。总统能否否决法案中的一项或几项内容，但法案的其余部分仍能成为法律?
这个问题在90年代中期被问了很多次。许多国会议员希望总统拥有单项否决权，或者能够否决较大议案的单项或小部分。1996年，国会通过了一项名为《1996年单项否决权法案》的法案。比尔·克林顿总统签署了该法案，使之成为法律。有了这项法律，总统可以否决拨款法案的个别部分，或关于政府如何使用其资金的法案。克林顿总统曾多次使用这种权力。
然而，不喜欢这部法律的国会议员认为它是违宪的，或者违反了美国最重要的法律文件——宪法。这个问题被提交给最高法院，美国最强大的法院。该委员会裁定，单项否决权是违宪的。最高法院认为，按照宪法的制定方式，总统必须批准或否决整个法案，而不仅仅是其中的一部分。因此，1998年，《单项否决权法案》被废除(或取消，使之不再成为法律)。克林顿总统是唯一一个能够否决单项议案的总统。
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- What does the President’s Cabinet do?
Answer:Advises the President
Explanation:Being the president of the United States is a big job and our Founding Fathers (or the people who created the U.S. government) knew that one person couldn’t do everything alone. That’s why the president has the U.S. Cabinet, usually just called the Cabinet. The Cabinet is a group of people who advise (or give advice, information, and ideas) to the president on many important issues. The president can use their advice to make decisions while leading the country. Because of this, Cabinet members have very important and powerful roles (or jobs) in U.S. government since they can influence the president’s decisions.
Under our first president, George Washington, the Cabinet was very small and it had only four members. Since then, the Cabinet has grown a lot. Today the Cabinet has 15 people, who are referred to as secretaries, such as the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture. The most recent addition to the Cabinet in 2006 is the Secretary of Homeland Security, whose job it is to keep Americans safe. The Constitution (or the country’s most important legal document) does not say how large the Cabinet should be, so Congress can add or remove members as the country’s needs change.
Cabinet members are appointed to their positions. This means that they are first nominated by the president (or the president gives the members’ name to Congress) and then they must be confirmed (or approved) or rejected by the Senate. Almost anyone can become a Cabinet member. The only restriction or limitation is that Cabinet members are not allowed to be Senators, Representatives, or governors simultaneously (or at the same time) while they are serving (or working) in the Cabinet.
The Cabinet members are in the line of succession (or the plan for who will become president if something happens to him or her). After the president come the vice-president, the speaker of the House, and the president of the Senate, and then the secretary of state and other members of the Cabinet, in the order of their ranking (or importance).
- 总统的内阁做什么?
答:建议总统
解释:成为美国总统是一个很大的工作,我们的开国元勋们(或创造了美国政府的人)知道,一个人不能独自做任何事。这就是为什么总统有美国内阁，通常被称为内阁。内阁是一群在许多重要问题上向总统提供建议(或提供建议、信息和想法)的人。总统可以利用他们的建议来做决策，同时领导国家。正因为如此，内阁成员在美国政府中拥有非常重要和强有力的角色(或工作)，因为他们可以影响总统的决策。
在我们的第一任总统乔治·华盛顿的领导下，内阁规模很小，只有四名成员。从那以后，内阁有了很大的发展。今天的内阁有15个人，他们被称为部长，比如能源部长和农业部长。2006年最新加入内阁的是国土安全部部长，他的职责是保护美国人的安全。宪法(或国家最重要的法律文件)没有规定内阁成员的人数，因此国会可以根据国家的需要增减成员。
内阁成员被任命到他们的职位上。这意味着他们首先由总统提名(或总统将议员的名字提交给国会)，然后他们必须得到参议院的确认(或批准)或否决。几乎任何人都可以成为内阁成员。唯一的限制是内阁成员在内阁任职(或工作)期间不能同时担任参议员、众议员或州长。
内阁成员是顺位的(或者如果他或她发生了什么事，谁将成为总统的计划)。在总统之后是副总统、众议院议长和参议院总统，然后是国务卿和其他内阁成员，按他们的级别(或重要性)排序。
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